Live sound engineers use sound equipment in theatre performances and concerts to:

• amplify and control the voices of the performers on stage
• balance the different instruments in an orchestra or band
• balance the music with singers on stage
• provide sound effects and background music for stage productions.

They use specialised equipment, such as loudspeakers, amplifiers and computers, to create a sound mix and balanced sound. They are also responsible for maintenance and repair of this equipment.

Sound engineers consult with the artistic director (in theatre), sound designer and other technical staff to determine their requirements. They then select the equipment to use, install it in the most suitable places and ensure it is all working.

Before rehearsals, they work from a 'sound plot' that shows exactly what sound effects, levels and microphones are required. At rehearsals they check everything is working and make any changes that are necessary.

During rehearsals and performances, sound engineers sit at the sound control desk operating switches and volume controls, according to cues from the deputy stage manager.

Hours and Environment

As a live sound engineer, you will need to be flexible about when you can work, as you hours are often long and irregular. Evening, late night and weekend work is common, as this is when most theatre performances and concerts take place. You may also work during the daytime for rehearsals, sound checks and maintenance.

You will mainly work indoors in theatres, concert halls and arenas. You may also sometimes work outside, providing sound at outdoor concerts and festivals. You will often need to sit in one position for long periods of time.

Working on theatre or concert tours can involve a lot of travel in the UK and possibly overseas.

Skills and Interests

To be a live sound engineer, you need:

• good hearing, for distinguishing sound quality
• a good sense of pitch, timing and rhythm
• a knowledge of electronics and acoustics
• good practical skills
• patience and concentration
• a keen interest in music and sound
• the ability to cope with long hours and tight deadlines
• good communication and ‘people’ skills
• awareness of health and safety.

Entry

To become a live sound engineer, you will need a good knowledge of music and sound technology, and you will also find it useful to understand physics and electronics. Many sound engineers start by taking a course in technical theatre, music technology or sound engineering, to develop their skills before looking for work.

When looking for your first job, you will find it helpful to have practical experience of using sound equipment. Taking a relevant course can help, and you could also build up your experience through activities like:

• volunteering in community or hospital radio
• rigging sound for amateur, student or fringe theatre
• setting up sound for local bands
• recording or mixing music, for example as a DJ
• working for a sound equipment manufacturer or hire company.

You may increase your chances of finding work by taking a college or university course such as:

• City and Guilds 7503 Level 1 Certificate and Level 2 Diploma in Sound and Music Technology
• BTEC Level 3 National Certificate/Diploma in Music Technology
• HNC/HND in Performing Arts (Production)
• foundation degrees or degrees in sound engineering, music technology or technical theatre arts.

Check with colleges or universities for course entry requirements.

Several drama schools also offer degrees and diplomas in technical theatre diplomas accredited by the National Council for Drama Training (NCDT). Some of these courses include lighting and stage management as well as sound. See the NCDT's website for more information (details in Further Information below).

Training

You will usually learn on the job from experienced sound engineers, developing your skills with each production that you work on.

You can also take short professional training courses in areas like new technical equipment, health and safety and rigging, to keep up-to-date with changes in technology throughout your career.

For information and links to private training companies and colleges offering short courses, see the following organisations and websites:

• Association of British Theatre Technicians (ABTT)
• Professional Lighting and Sound Association (PLASA)
• Soundengineer.co.uk

See Further Information below for all contact details.

With experience, you could also choose to take further qualifications such as BTEC Level 5 Professional Diplomas in Light and Sound (Technical Theatre Management), Live Sound or Stage Sound.

You may help your career by joining professional bodies like ABTT or PLASA. Membership benefits usually include networking and training opportunities and advice services.

If you want to move into sound for television and film, you can also take short courses to develop your skills in this area. Skillset provides a database of media courses including courses for sound engineers - see Skillset’s website for details.

Opportunities

Opportunities exist in theatrical productions, including drama, musicals, opera, ballet and variety. However, the work is not confined to the theatre itself. Live productions requiring sound engineering also include road shows, pop and classical concerts, clubs, cruise liners, outdoor live events, fashion shows and trade presentations.

Employers include large and small subsidised theatres (including regional repertory theatres), touring companies, commercial theatres and production companies, and performance sound service companies.

In smaller theatres or venues, people undertake multi-task work and it is often the chief electrician or assistant stage manager who covers the sound area.

With experience, sound technicians can become freelance or form their own sound services companies. In large theatres, promotion may be possible from sound assistant to sound engineer to chief sound engineer and, in some cases, to sound designer. Contact Arts Advice for advice in developing a career in sound within the performing arts.

Annual Income

Figures are intended as a guideline only. There are no set salary scales, and freelance or contract work is common.

New entrants generally start as sound assistants earning about £12,000.
Experienced sound engineers can earn between £20,000 and £28,000 a year.
Experienced sound designers in senior positions can earn £30,000 to £40,000.

Freelance rates will vary depending on an individual's experience and the type of production. Fees can be negotiated individually or from guidelines provided by the Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU).

Further information

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